Essay on History of Sexuality - 2302 Words

Married Love was an unprecedented book, which inadvertently redefined female sexuality. Often regarded as the precursor of sex-manuals, Married Love launched Stopes’ enormously successful career as a writer. Published in 1918, Married Love reviewed the intertwining relationship of marriage, sex and contraception, which in Stopes’ view were the fundamental components of a fulfilling and rewarding marriage. Like all discourse, Married Love is heavily embedded within a distinct historical and cultural context. Darwinian theory and the development of eugenics had a phenomenal impact on Stopes. Recognising the equal sexual desire of women would make Married Love greatly influential in the shaping of modern perceptions into female sexuality.†¦show more content†¦Known as the Two Sex theory, devised by historian Thomas Laqueur, female sexuality would be characterized purely by a woman’s reproductive potential, where the concept of an innate maternal instinct wo uld become the new prioritized ideal. The female orgasm was renounced by a new essence of masculine superiority. This notion can be asserted with the Phallocentric inclination of the late 18th century, examined by historian Tim Hitchcock, as period characterized by penetration and precedence of the phallus. This â€Å"both encouraged and made possible the denigration of female sexuality and perceived passivity.† Consequently this caused the de-emphasis of female sexual pleasure and desire. However, female sexual identity would reemerge with potency, attributed to social flux, the emerging field of sexology and disposition of the interwar years. Stopes actively sought to reprimand the misconstrued assumptions of female sexuality as she considered female desire â€Å"profound as hunger of food† . She elaborated on this in chapter IV, titled the Fundamental Pulse. Within this chapter Stopes discusses research regarding female acceptability towards sex during the different stages of hormonal and menstrual cycles. This would become what Stopes termed as the ‘Law of Periodicity of Recurrence ofShow MoreRelatedHistory of Sexuality3607 Words   |  15 Pagesof the 80s incited a discourse in which homosexuality was re-articulated, re-negotiated, and unmistakably re-repressed (Davis 3). Supreme Court judgment and actions taken by Congress with the Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy exemplify theories of sexuality and power expressed in the philosophies of Michel Foucault. Foucault was a French-born philosopher historian. He examined social institutions such as medicine, psychiatry, the prison system, and the human sciences in general. Specifically heRead MoreA History of Sexuality Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pages Unlike sex, the history of sexuality is dependant upon society and limited by its language in order to be defined and understood. In his paper which is called Is There A History of Sexuality, Halperin drew a distinction between the topics of sexuality and of sex. He claimed that the two concepts are separate ideas. In Halperins view, sex is a natural function that has not changed in many years, if ever at all. He says that sex â€Å"is a natural fact, grounded in the functioning of the body, and asRead More Society and Sexuality in Waiting for the Barbarians and The History of Sexuality1163 Words   |  5 PagesSociety and Sexuality in Waiting for the Barbarians, and The History of Sexuality  Ã‚   Within our modern minds reside two very different ways in which we deal with the subject of sexuality. The conceptual framework of modern society, to some extent, has developed out of past notions about the body. We can see that springing from our historical roots, issues concerning sexuality have been dealt with through mutual feelings of desire and disgust. The relationship between these two opposed feelingsRead MoreThe History Of Sexuality By Michel Foucault1729 Words   |  7 PagesVictorians†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ chapter of the book entitled â€Å"The History of Sexuality† by Michel Foucault seeks to explain the traditional and modern issues regarding sexuality. Michel argues out that during the 17th century, sexuality was not a big deal, and various sexual acts were pursued more or less deliberately. Primarily, there was no taboo concerning sex and people of all age groups including children were well aware of sexual behaviours. Michel then points out that sexuality was now shifted to the homes where it wasRead MoreThe History Of Sexuality, By Michel Foucault1346 Words   |  6 PagesIn the History of Sexuality Vol. 1, Michel Foucault writes the body as a constructed and manipulated agent, the locus of sociopolitical discourse and power. To Foucault, the body cannot exist before the law (that which holds and ascribes its meaning). Similarly, sexuality cannot free itself from relations of power (Butler 1989:603). Indeed, the body is culturally contested; it is incapable of independence from any particular structuralized narrative. The ubiquitous yet uncertain subject of sex,Read MoreThe Controversial History Behind Sexuality1951 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, sexuality has been an extremely discussed and disputed topic. In the United States, views on gays and lesbians have fluctuated as social norms changed and adapted rapidly as the nation grew into a major international superpower. Even today, the topic of sexuality is one of the most controversial and progressive movements sweeping the country as more and more states pass laws allowing the marriage of gay and lesbian couples. This essay will attempt to delve into the controversialRead MoreA Long History Of Sexuality Is Conditioned And Inhibited By A Complicated History1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthink about sexuality is conditioned and inhibited by a complicated history and, to make our problems worse, that history is in the power of those who have necessarily been antagonistic to women for a very long time. Males generally have been economically and socially superior to women since they became the primary producers and possessors of private property.† (Murphy Robinson, 1984: 251) One of Western societies biggest social taboos is sex. Even more so, there is a long history of repressedRead MoreThe Perception of Human Sexuality throughout History1030 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history it is evident that human sexuality changes do to religious, governmental and societal influences. The perception of human sexuality has gone through many changes such as being very open and unlabeled activity; to being very â€Å"conservative† and a topic that shouldn’t be talked about in public or at all. In any case, human sexuality has always been a topic of interest because humans are sexual beings who want to understand the consciousness of themselves as male or female and seeRead More The Introduction to the History of Sexuality by Foucault Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Introduction to the History of Sexuality, Foucault explains how during the 19th century with the raise of new societies, the discourse or knowledge about sex was not confronted wi th repulsion but it â€Å"put into operation an entire machinery for producing true discourses concerning sex† (Foucault 69). In fact, this spreading of discourse on sexuality itself gives a clear account of how sexuality has been controlled and confined because it was determined in a certain kind of knowledge that carriesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Sexual : A History Of Sexuality Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Being Sexual: A History of Sexuality Sex is the force that drives the continuation of humanity, and sexuality is an integral part of human life. Next to survival, the most primitive primal human instinct is sex. Sexuality is something carnal and pervasive, something that is responsible for and touches the lives of everyone. Understanding its history, its relativity to culture and era, and its fluidity of meaning is vital to gaining and composing a full understanding of the behaviors

Challenge in My Life How I Dealt with It Free Essays

I Just decided to take some medicine and went to bed. The pains still continue to happen the next day. So I went to the emergency room. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenge in My Life: How I Dealt with It or any similar topic only for you Order Now I told the doctor my situation. I had taken some x-rays. About thirty minutes later the results were back. The doctor had discovered a large mass In my stomach and wasn’t for certain. So I was recommended to the Broody School of Medicine. That place Is thirty minutes from where I live. The doctors there looked at my x-rays and did some more tests on me. The BOB-GUN had found an ovarian tumor on my ovaries. Then I was explained to that I was going to have immediate surgery. I never had a surgery before I was scared for my life. The doctors also mention that my being overweight that puts a risk with the surgery. The first thing I thought with that being stated I knew I was going to die. As the days went by I had to go the doctor every two weeks. It was like if I was having a baby. Matter of fact I look like I was pregnant with twins. I guess that was nothing but all that the fluid from the tumor. I would cry everyday and I became depressed. I began to get weak each and everyday. So I had to get a blood transfusion. I remember staying In the hospital the entire weekend. I did not want to all because it was holiday. It was Labor Day weekend. I wanted to stay home and enjoy my family. Once I had received the blood in my body I felt much stronger. Then it was time for my surgery. I remember my surgery was September 7, 2005. I was nervous, shaky and scared. My family was by my side. I remember waking up the next day after surgery. When I woke up I thought it was still Wednesday the day I had surgery. Scary right! I had all types of tubes and things I was hooked up to. I was in the trauma center in the intensive care unit. I felt awesome. God is so good. There was no pain my body. Everyday I still think about what I went through with the sickness that was In my DOD. There was so much pressure and pain all on the Inside In my body. The only thing I can’t do now Is to have kids. That still bother me but I am learning to overcome. I want to adopt children very soon. My plan Is to begin the adoption process when I am 30 years old. Has changed my life dramatically. Because if I didn’t have faith in me and God on my side I might be lying in my grave or my body will still be with pain. Challenges happen for a reason. It can be for good or bad. People are put to a test to overcome challenges. Most of all we deal the challenges and overcome it with a success. How to cite Challenge in My Life: How I Dealt with It, Papers

Customer Loyalty in Retail Sector free essay sample

Customer loyalty schemes (or programs) are explicit efforts by the retailers in different formats to gain the long term patronage from the customers. Loyalty schemes are designed and developed for variety of reasons: to reward the loyal customers, to generate more information about the customer behaviour, buying patterns. It also helps to influence consumer behaviour, and as defensive measure to combat a competing scheme. The purpose of this study is to describe the objectives of the loyalty schemes, the origin its evolution over the years, the important aspects of its implementation and strategic approaches to maximise the impact. This will also focus on the retail sectors and its effect on consumers, economies, and businesses. Successful retailers connect with the customers through loyalty programs at three levels starting with initiation, retailer communication, and finally the customer-retailer feedback loops. Customer loyalty programs Loyalty programs are ways for the retailer to encourage the ongoing patronage of the customers. It allows the retailers to gather the information about customer buying behaviour in order to understand the trends, and reward them appropriately with loyalty. It has many forms which varies in its application and industry sector. It is an engagement between the company and the customer for building a sustaining relationship over a period of time. There are two types of customer loyalty programmes, credit card rewards programme and frequent flyer programs. A brief history: It started in 1981 as frequent flyer programme in American Airlines, the first of its kind to retain the airline’s most frequent flying customers by rewarding them for using the airline services. Its database of 150,000 premium customers was identified to be a part of the AAdvantage club. This was copied by other airlines and much before that there used to be coupons: the idea was similar to encourage repeat business by rewarding customers for their loyalty. The Consumer Buying Process: The consumer usually goes through the five stages of the buying process. The need recognition and problem awareness leads to information search in the marketplace. Then after searching through the plethora of information the customer is able to do justice by evaluation of the alternatives. The customer asks people around him like personal sources, commercial sources, public sources, and experiential sources who had used the product or service. Then the ‘aroused’ customer seriously thinks of the purchase concern for a particular product of his choice. After the purchase has been done, he consumes a service or a product that results in the formation of experiential outcomes about the product. The theory of cognitive dissonance comes into play over here, where the feeling may be prevalent for the customer to switch brands for the next time. To manage the post purchase stage in the consumer’s mind the job for the marketing team is to engage the consumer closer to the brand values. This potential customer can only be swayed when the needs and criteria’s are fulfilled. The customer’s indecisive behaviour should be reinforced with positive elements about brand which would evoke a positive response in the sales figures. The evaluation process by a customer differs for a low involvement and a high involvement purchases (example buying a soft drink, and buying a car). It has been seen that customer feels that involvement factor, the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance attached to the choice. The lesson for the marketing team of retailers is therefore to provide trial or sampling of the product in the hope of securing a sale. The same concept is being adopted by the airlines and hospitality industry where the offers is not through a sampling of a product but through up-gradation to upper class of seats, business suites, cabins, or services which is totally new for the customer(which is the aspirational level). The customer loyalty funnel is the next stage where the customer is hooked to the set of offerings. A response from the customer to come back and repeatedly use the product or service is a definite indicator of the customer to be loyal. Through loyalty programmes companies therefore can track the behaviour of customer, and trends of his activities over a period of time. It can lead to customer behaviour where customers can book earlier, stay longer, do vacationing more often, and earn reward points for this behaviour with the brand. So loyalty programmes provide an opportunity to learn about the customer’s preferences, and expectations. Customers tend to be loyal only when they can identify their values matching with those of the brand. This leads to brand association from the customer’s with the company’s logo, brand. Eyeballs Buyers Loyalty Action Performance Consideration Awareness There are five types of the consumer behaviour which have been measured over particular period of time span: the percentage of consumers buying a brand, number of purchases per buyer, the percentage who continue to buy the brand repeatedly, the 100% loyal customers and the segment of population who buy other brands. Polygamous Loyalty: This is a theory which is for the stationary markets, customer loyalty is divided into number of brands. The long run propensities to buy a particular brand for a customer now a days is very less the primary reason being the choice of too many brands in the same sector. So polygamous loyalty is actually consumer behaviour which is connected to brand switching (a conscious once-and-for all change of allegiance to another brand- as if the propensities are 100% or zero). The promiscuous (customer behaviour is like a butterfly shifting from one flower to another) behaviour of the customer happens when the choice of brands are large at a given point of time. It generally happens in the segments of fast moving consumer goods where the need for gratification is instant for the customer and it does not require huge amount of money to invest. It has also been seen as a trend in the retail service industry where the unavailability of the specifics of a service is not available or offered. The Leaky Bucket Theory: The leaky bucket theory says that when a company expects its existing customers to exhibit a loyal behaviour the company arms itself with marketing strategies which are designed to replace the disloyal customers who leak away with the new ones to keep the sales momentum steady. The domain of this theory across many countries over 20years of research around the globe has revealed that purchase habits of people buying products are highly are not sticky. Empirical record and predictive norms show that only 10% buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100% loyal to a particular brand over only one year period. Extensions of this work show that even in service situations exclusive loyalty is confined to small number of buyers. The empirical studies show that it is difficult to be too enthusiastic about a loyalty marketing program as the customer preferences are always changing. Creating a group of 100% loyal customers therefore is much of hypothetical situation. Double Jeopardy and Brand Loyalty: The issue of finding a single brand loyal customer is very rare in the market. Most of the brands of the same kind exist along the double jeopardy line. There may be existence of the big group of brand which are ‘super loyalty’. The figure shown below shows the relationship of most established and competitive consumer and service markets industry. 0% Market Share 100% 0 Repeat purchase probability 1. 0 Double jeopardy line Change of pace brands Super loyalty brands Niche brands The oblong shaped structure at the middle is dissected by double jeopardy line which depicts the buyers predicted by double jeopardy law. Niche brands have relatively more buyers who are loyal and likely to make repeat purchase. Super loyalty brands are those which enjoy higher status in terms of market share and probability of a repeat purchase. The new segment of change of pace of brands lies at the bottom of jeopardy line, which is a brand with higher than expected market share, but less than expected proportion of loyal buyers. It is also to be noted that the brands can be profitable only when the repeat purchases are there, or else it falls below the double jeopardy line taking the position of a different brand. Researcher across the world, suggests that the most effective ways to get more buyers is to gain more distribution outlets. This acts as a trap to catch customers who would naturally want a service delivery outlet nearest to the vicinity of his stay, office, home. The service and even airline industry understands this, so they extend the offerings through hotels, travel agents, online or mobile bookings, business agents for corporate sales. So loyalty programs will be only effective when the repeated reinforcements of positive elements of the brand are projected in the customer’s mind. Linking Customer rewards to loyalty programmes: Products and services are consumed by the customers who benefit them their wants and needs. These can be psychological, functional or economic in nature and they are the elemental sources of customer value. The amount of customer value and distribution coverage will increase the market share and the loyal customers of a brand. The rewards offered by a customer loyalty program tend to disturb the above relationship. Critical analysis tells us three sets of psychological considerations: the extent to which loyalty is linked to a brand, the way customers value rewards on a particular offer, and lastly effect of time on the above two criteria. It has been found that customer loyalty programme may induce loyalty to the program rather than a core product or service. The extent to which it may seem desirable to the customer is linked to that factor of customer’s interest and involvement with the product. For low involvement products, incentives are primary rewards while for a high involvement products it is a small incentive generally. It has been seen that a more desirable outcome is possible when the creation of a point of difference reinforces long term value proposition of the service itself. So customer loyalty programs can be classified if the explicit rewards directly support the value proposition of the product or service which is offered to consumers or whether rewards are designed to motivate the loyalty element through an indirect route. Loyalty programs are designed to support the value proposition and help the positioning of target product in fitting the goals of loyalty marketing. Psychologists have shown interest in modifying behavioural learning with that of rewards. It has been found that there are five elements that contribute to loyalty program’s value. The cash value of the redemption of rewards, the range of choice of the rewards, aspirational value of rewards, perceived likelihood of achieving rewards and ease of using the loyalty scheme. Furthermore it can also be added the psychological benefits belonging to the program and participating in accumulation of loyalty points. The true potential of an effective loyalty program tends to attract customers on the basis of the value it offers as a reward but also when the rewards are available when they demand it. If it is delayed and the process of redemption of is problematic customers are bound to switch the brands. The Retail Sector: The retail sector either provides a good or a service or a mix of both in a service sector to a set of targeted customers. The retail operations typically need footfalls of the customers as the first step to make the business model viable. There are three kinds of service retailing: rented goods services, owned goods services, and non goods services. So in order to sustain the retail chains have introduced various loyalty programmes to retain customers. Characteristics of Services Retailing: The four characteristics of services retailing are intangibility, inseparability, perishability, and variability. The intangibility aspect of service retailing has the key features like services features are difficult to display, its prices difficult to determine, judgement quality is subjective, and it cannot be patented, which means easily duplicable. Inseparability factor of customer receiving the service is the crux of service production, and consumer loyalty rests with employees. Perishability of services is a feature which is offered to consumers for a specific period of time, which substantiates that it cannot be inventoried and effects of seasonality can be severe. Though standardization and quality control is hard to achieve the variability factor of service is a critical factor in service retailing. Typical Customer Services: The typical customer services in a retail setting entails some important factors and facets of which are as follows: credit facility, delivery, alterations, gift packaging, complaints handling, trade-in, trial purchases, extended store hours, mail and phone orders. Some of the extended services which are offered to retail customers are restrooms, restaurants, shopping bags, information, pay phones, parking, and baby sitting. Empower Front line employees Focus on Customer Concerns Show that you are listening Express sincere understanding Apologize and rectify the situation The gaps in the customer service leave the customer dissatisfied and hence the customer discontinues the service. The turning around of weak customer service can be done in this way: Delivering Value: The basic premise of the consumer behaviour theories will lead to interesting facts. The consumers will demand more for less from the shopping experience in lesser time. The consumers will split the commodity shopping venture from the value added shopping trip. This means the perceived value that the shopper has is a part of a series of bigger activities and processes i. e. the value chain. The customer’s view is to see the total benefits accrued versus the price paid to purchase it. The retail value chain comprises of the total bundle of benefits offered to customers through a series of activity linked channel distribution. Several factors are store location, parking, retailer ambience and merchandising, product range and quality, stock position and shipping. The three aspects of a value oriented retail strategy are expected, augmented and potential. The customer service in the retail segment is an important aspect where the expected customer service level that customers want to receive such as basic employee courtesy. Augmented customer service in retail includes the acitivities which enhance the shopping experience and give retailers a competitive advantage. The next issue is classifying customer services, in the retail format. The table below shows that we can map Cost of offering the customer service HighLow Value of customer service to be shopper Low High Patronage Buildersgt;High cost activities that are primary factors behind customer loyalties| Patronage Solidifiersgt;The low cost little things that increase loyalty| Disappointersgt;Expensive activities that do no real good. | Basicsgt;Low cost activities that are naturally expected, absence could reduce the patronage. | the value of customer service and the cost of offering it. The high and low parameters depict the types of relationship which are expected. The patronage builders are high on both factors which leads to high cost activities while the opposite is low on both factors which are basic low cost activities which is naturally expected and can reduce the patronage. The disappointers are those who are low in perceived value of a shopping experience. The patronage solidifiers is that segment where low cost little things increases loyalty. Key Concepts of Loyalty Marketing Programs: The US model which was replicated all over the world in airlines and also in hotels, restaurants, travel, coffee houses, cruises. The reason loyalty marketing is the key to the effective marketing mix is because of its approach. It is a scientific model, which can be tracked, measured the effectiveness. The expenditure in a mass marketing exercise with print, Television is huge. So companies are trying to find out newer ways to reach specific targeted customers at a much lesser cost. Thats where the loyalty marketing programmes steps in. Some of the key universal characteristics which define the loyalty programmes are as follows: 1. Lifetime value of customer: The history of marketing shows that it uses the old transactional model when analysing customer purchases. The newer model is specific with the actual and potential on the basis of the expected purchases in the course of the total lifetimes. The long-term approach in supporting the loyalty factors is the basic premise of the targeted consumer marketing. 2. Share of customer: The long term perspective of a customer and company is seen as the is also seeking to maximise the share of the customer’s category spending over lifetime of purchases. 3. Cost to retain VS cost to acquire: The general thumb rule is that it is 4-15 times more expensive to acquire a new customer than to retain an existing customer. Loyalty marketing programs therefore leverages this disparity by targeting the customer retention in a focussed manner. The more a customer buys a product the greater are the chances of winning and choosing a product. 4. The 80-20 Rule: The general rule of 80-20 says that 80% of the given effect is likely to be caused by a mere 20% of the relevant variables. Therefore the 805 profits are likely to be generated by 20% of the customers. In the airline industry it has been seen that the business travellers segment flies frequently, stays at the same hotels, at high yield rates, to combine to account for a big slice of revenue and profit. So this type of marketing allows marketers to identify the premium segment of the business travellers and provide them with recognition and benefits which again is a part of the revenue contribution. Goals of Loyalty Marketing: The goals of this type of marketing usually have five main goals: 1. Enrolment: This is the first step where the initial contact of the customer and representative takes place, which results in explaining of benefits and creation of the unique customer identification number. This id will help to search; track the details of the customer-company relationship. The potential customer in the loyalty program receives the first greeting official letter which lays down the rules, to upgrade his awareness. The loyalty bonus points, how it is earned, milestones, statement generation date, are clearly communicated to the customer. 3. Customer Retention: This goal is the crux of the customer loyalty marketing. It has been seen that the loyalty program usually succeeds in protecting a substantial chunk of company’s proven customer base, which is a important element for the financials of the revenue production. Through this programme it succeeds in retaining the existing customer base, rather than making efforts to generate a new one. 4. Customer Reactivation: This happens when the customer in the database is a lapsed customer, who has stopped using the customer loyalty card. The issue is to tap the total customer base to coax them to actively use the product, know the actual reason and offer something in return. This will help them to recapture the switchers segment of those customers, retain them and prove their loyalty towards the brand. 5. Maximise the share of the customer: The share of the customer is the basic tenet of the customer retention strategy, where the loyalty marketing seek to increase the share of total spending. Most of the best customers have multiple loyalty cards of different organisations and the efforts are to cross bundle offers to boost customer’s spending. So from the marketing point of view the companies seek to maximise the share of customer’s total category spending. The Airlines Retailers: The airlines company uses frequent flyer programs- FFPs( a type of loyalty programs) which can be found everywhere. This customer loyalty programmes were initially used in US airlines to start with which slowly developed into a global fad. The airline industry which is in the retail sector of the services started offering following a trend in the market. Some of the carriers felt that using FFPs is a kind of discount or rebate, which is inconsistent with their premium-pricing strategy(first class and business). The reasons why FFPs are very attractive loyalty programmes( customer’s viewpoint) and effective ( airline standpoint) is the reward side of the equation. The result is a free ticket for most of the FFP members who have used the airline service. The operational side of the airlines for FFP programme as a general rule reserves 5% of the airline seats for the FFP programme which awards tickets to the lucky winners. Below is the chart of the cost and revenue factors which affect this program. Costs | Revenues| FFPs are big operations, employing thousands of employees as CCE, marketing, and technical staff. The extra costs involved are computers, telephone systems, facilities. FFPs are an effective way of marketing programmes and almost all airlines companies are willing to pay for the privilege of participating as partners. Conversely, loyal customers may come to the retailers again and again for a price discount or seeking a better form of service. So taking notice of the above explained Double Joepardy relationship the loyal customers are likely turn out to be more frequent buyers. Their expectation set rises as well , as they may seek some type of volume discount on the number of repeat purchases. Next the assumption of spending more time may label a customer loyal, but the weight of the purchase matters, not the loyalty. Conclusion: In short the business of customer loyalty program is always a profitable business if it can be designed to be more profitable and effective in its reach. Though there are categories where we cannot impose this like highly innovative products, fads amp; fashions, but as the brand gets bigger there are more chances of customers to be more brands loyal which was shown in Double jeopardy line model. So if loyalty program should enhance product or service value proposition, broaden the reach of availability, to neutralise a competitor’s loyalty program effort.

Women Empowerment Essay Example For Students

Women Empowerment Essay If women are empowered, they can break limitations imposed by the family and society, and take their own decisions. In schools, students are often asked to write paragraphs or essays on female empowerment. Below are some examples that can help students write on this topic. Outline1 Women empowerment essay example 1 (150 words)2 Women empowerment essay example 2 (200 words)3 Women empowerment essay example 3 (250 words)4 Women empowerment essay example 4 (300 words)5 Women empowerment essay example 5 (500 words) Women empowerment essay example 1 (150 words) Like men, their female counterparts also need their personal independence. If women are empowered, they can make important decisions and do what they want to do with their lives. When womenfolk can overcome limitations imposed by the family and the society, they can achieve independence in many aspects of their lives. The goal of female independence is to ensure equal rights of a male  and female member in the society. This approach can ensure a bright future for womenfolk who find themselves chocking in households chores. A fresh and congenial environment is necessary for womenfolk to explore their strengths. A country can never be prosperous keeping half of its population in the dark. This is really a short-sighted approach. Religious bigotry and social stigma often stifle the female members of the society. We can see that girls enjoy better rights in most western countries  because people of those countries have realized the importance of women empowerment. Empowerment of the female members of the society is directly related to the overall development of a country. On the other hand, many Asian and African countries are lagging behind because young girls in these countries are confined to the four walls of their parents’ or in-laws houses. To ensure sustainable development in these countries, we need to make sure that every woman can enjoy rights and work for  hand in hand with men. Women empowerment essay example 2 (200 words) We will write a custom essay on Women Empowerment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most countries in the world are now trying to grant gender equality in all spheres of life. Even in Asian and African countries where women have been deprived of their rights for long, many educated girls are now working in various sectors and contributing to the overall economy. For sustainable development, women empowerment is a must. In countries where only men are allowed to participate in all types of jobs, their female counterparts find themselves neglected. They have their contributions within the family, but their work is often not recognized as work. It leads to inferiority complex and wives, sisters and mothers do not find their roles fulfilling. They are deprived of their rights, but  they can not raise their voice against injustice. Even educated and brilliant girls constantly have to deal with the evils of male domination. Patriarchy restricts their speech. One thing, however, should be clear: women empowerment does not mean feminism. Most female activists who are trying to work for women empowerment are not feminists. The motivation behind women empowerment is simple: as human beings, girls deserve the same rights as boys. Many developing countries have realized it and formulated effective strategies to empower womenfolk. They have seen the introduction to a new chapter in history. Educated girls, when becoming  mothers, are more likely to educate their children. So, to ensure an educated nation, it is of utmost importance to pay attention to women empowerment. The society needs wives and sisters who can play strategic roles in different sectors. Keeping them in the dark is really a bad idea because they constitute almost half of the population of a country. We can not expect sustainable development until we ensure women empowerment. Women empowerment essay example 3 (250 words) Although women empowerment is a buzzword now, women all over the world are still deprived of many rights, and  their struggle has not ended. Governments are trying to run many programs to improve their condition, but we, the common people are not yet ready to accept girls, even if they are educated, in all strata of the society. This is really sad. The first task is to bring awareness, and prepare the society to accept female leadership. Womenfolk should also come out of their cocoons and join the workforce in all spheres of life. Sadly, even girls who are college students are not allowed to make decisions about their lives.   The main idea of women empowerment is to empower women and enable them to make important decisions about their own lives. Studies have shown that women are better able to deal with some problems in society. Female leaders are generally more compassionate, and they try to avoid unnecessary drama and violence. It leads to social development. The male members should put aside the obstinacy and help their female counterparts to join the mainstream workforce. .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .postImageUrl , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:hover , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:visited , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:active { border:0!important; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:active , .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82 .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23e56ebedc92c5d0f72a968c11a75d82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Maya EssayMale chauvinism and religious bigotry are the obstacles to women empowerment.   The problem mostly lies in our minds. We have to wake up and accept the fact that wives can do things that their husbands have been traditionally doing in society. In countries like Indian and Pakistan, there are still reports of honor killings. This is a shame. A country can never make significant progress until it objectifies girls. The approach should not be a war against male domination but the realization of the importance of the equal right of both sexes. The organizations that work for female empowerment often find it a Herculean task because most female citizens in a developing country are still unprepared to leave their traditional roles and start working hand in hand with their male counterparts. To make sure that female workers enjoy the same rights, opportunities and outcomes and freedom of speech, both male and female workers should change the way they look at the problems prevailing in the country. Female workers are more vulnerable to abuse because they are deprived of their economic rights. We all must protest against this injustice and make the world a better place for our daughters. Women empowerment essay example 4 (300 words) There are many things that restrict the rights of female members of the society. In a poor country, illiteracy, dowry system, sexual harassment, female infanticide, rape, and  prostitution are serious issues. A country with gender discrimination suffers socially, culturally and economically. In a developing country, society  does not take the empowerment of its female members very easily. Women empowerment is a very effective remedy for the backwardness of a country. It is of utmost importance to ensure equal rights for all. Women empowerment can be ensured by prioritizing gender equality. Every family should pay attention to this issue. Men should realize that their physically and mentally strong female counterparts can contribute to the overall development of a country. The progress of a nation cannot  be imagined without the role of its womenfolk. In many cases, poverty and illiteracy can lead to early marriage, and  that can negatively impact the life of a girl. In a poor country, a girl cannot  think of receiving education after getting married. Sisters do not have as much access as their brothers to property ownership, credit, and  medical care. They are victims of domestic violence, and for many reasons,  they can not raise their voice against this violence. Empowerment can enable them to understand family planning. Many conservative people do not want to discuss these topics. By receiving an education, they can make informed decisions about things that matter. Financial independence enables them to enjoy other rights. Women empowerment can give them more autonomy and redress power imbalances. Our future generations can benefit from this approach because empowered mothers are more likely to send their children to schools. When we give them more autonomy, they can be more careful about their reproductive health. In a developing country, mothers and wives are in charge of food, fuel, water and overseeing family health and nutrition. So, women empowerment can address the root cause of the problem. With the empowerment of womenfolk, infant mortality rates decrease. When there is domestic violence, poor and uneducated victims do not usually seek legal help. Empowered womenfolk are more likely to be vocal against injustice. More governmental and non-governmental programs should be in place to make sure that female victims get legal help when they need. Women empowerment essay example 5 (500 words) In simple words, women empowerment is to make the female members of the society powerful enough to make important decisions and lead their lives without being influenced by their male counterparts. To make sure that all have their rights in the society, empowerment of women is of utmost importance. An overwhelming number of countries are male-dominated, and women are confined within the four walls of their husbands’ or parents’ houses. They have to deal with numerous religious prejudices and restrictions in society. Although Female members constitute nearly half of the population of a country, they are not allowed to make decisions regarding reproduction, education, finance, and  other important things. We should talk about these topics, and  novel ideas about the female empowerment should be brought to light. .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .postImageUrl , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:hover , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:visited , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:active { border:0!important; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:active , .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1 .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53df2866275444f4e1ac33f3e7ca60e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plato Analysis EssaySince ancient times, most societies of the world have been trying to deal with the problems of male domination and gender discrimination. Many have been dealing with violence, suppression and discriminatory practices in many forms. Taboos and wrong practices have now become traditions and customs. Even in the 21st  century, deprivation of the women of the right  to education, right to work and other socio-economic rights are seen as normal, although many organizations are using slogans in support of the neglected womenfolk. Even in English literature of the 18th  century, we find that womenfolk are desperately trying to find their due place in the socio-economic context. Many conservative people draw the conclusion that they are different and they can not do the things that men are supposed to do.   But if we look at the things from a different perspective, we can overcome many of these problems. Female empowerment has a far-reaching  effect because eventually,  it will benefit just about everyone. It can serve as a solution to other problems that we face in our everyday lives. In recent years, many educated girls are entering all types of professions—thanks to the great initiatives taken by governments all over the world. They are now contributing to various fields and making the world a better place to live in. Womenfolk can not enjoy their rights to health and life if they constantly have to deal with violence and gender-based discrimination. If we look at the statistics, we find that about 2/3 of illiterate adults are female. Gender equality and basic human rights are still not guaranteed by legal institutions. When girls face sexual violence, they are often shamed by society. In fact, womenfolk in conservative societies hide their humiliations in fear of facing further humiliations. When a young girl becomes a victim, in many cases, she carries the traumatic experience with her throughout her life. Although many female workers work longer hours, they are paid less.  This economic exploitation has a long-term effect. As their contributions are less valued, they suffer emotionally. They often have to deal with an inferiority  complex. We all must play our roles to normalize the situation, raise our voice and shout out slogans in support of mothers, daughters, and  sisters. In every c ountry, we all should try to spread these ideas. To eliminate all types of discriminatory practices against women, the patriarchal society should come out the age-old bigotry and malpractices and welcome them to make their contributions.

Impact Lenin had on Russia essays

Impact Lenin had on Russia essays Asses the impact Lenin had on Russia and the Russian people. Lenin was a remarkable leader who introduced many new policies that helped in the development of Russia to make it a stronger and more independent country. The War Communism was one of the most disliked policies by the people. Lenin was obligated into putting War Communism into action; otherwise there would have been no way for the Bolsheviks to have won the war. The most popular policy introduced by Lenin was the NEP (New Economic Policy).This gave the people much more freedom than they had in the Tsars time. Lenin was basically a unpretentious man whose only ambition was to make Russia a better place. Things were bad in Russia between 1914-17; World War II was taking place. The war was going badly for Russia and the conditions were terrible for the people and they were suffering. Near the end of the War, the people were fed up and soon there was an uprising and the people all rebelled against the Tsar, leading to him being overthrown. After the Tsar had been overthrown, they needed someone to run the country, so they formed the Provisional Government, which would stay in Power and rule the country until elections could be held to choose a new government and make a decision as to how Russia was to be ruled in the future. But as the Provisional Government was being formed, The Petrograd Soviet, a workers and soldiers council was being formed alongside it. There was Dual power between the Soviets and the Provisional Government, with the Provisional Government only able to make decisions if the Soviet agreed. Although the Soviets had much more power due to the fact it had issued the Order no. 1, many people liked the first measures taken by the Provisional Government; Political prisoners were freed, and the government announced that there would be freedom of press, freedom of speech, the right to strike and an end to soci...

Word Order in Spanish

Word Order in Spanish The subject of word order in Spanish can be quite complex, so this lesson should be considered merely an introduction. As you study Spanish, you will encounter a wide variety of ways of ordering words in a sentence, many of them ways that are impossible or awkward in English. In general, Spanish is more flexible with its word order than English is. In both languages, a typical statement consists of a noun followed by a verb followed by an object (if the verb has an object). In English, variations from that norm are used mostly for literary effect. But in Spanish, changes in the word order can be heard in everyday conversation or seen frequently in everyday writing such as that found in newspapers and magazines. Typical Word Orders The chart below shows examples of some common ways of ordering words. Note that in many sentences the subject can be omitted if it can be understood from the context. As a beginning student, you dont need to memorize these word-order possibilities, but you should be familiar with these common schemes so you dont trip over them when you come across them. Type Order Example Comment Statement Subject, verb Roberto estudia. (Roberto is studying.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Statement Subject, verb, object Roberto compr el libro. (Roberto bought the book.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Statement Subject, object pronoun, verb Roberto lo compr. (Roberto bought it.) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Object pronouns precede conjugated verbs; they can be attached at the end of infinitives and present participles. Question Question word, verb, subject Dnde est el libro? (Where is the book?) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Exclamation Exclamatory word, adjective, verb, subject Qu linda es Roberta! (How beautiful Roberta is!) This word order is extremely common and can be considered the norm. Many exclamations omit one or more of these sentence parts. Statement Verb, noun Sufren los nios. (The children are suffering.) Placing the verb ahead of the noun can have the effect of placing more emphasis on the verb. In the sample sentence, the emphasis is more on the suffering than who is suffering. Statement Object, verb, noun El libro lo escribi Juan. (John wrote the book.) Placing the object at the beginning of the sentence can have the effect of placing more emphasis on the object. In the sample sentence, the emphasis is on what was written, not who wrote it. The pronoun lo, although redundant, is customary in this sentence construction. Statement Adverb, verb, noun Siempre hablan los nios. (The children are always talking.) In general, Spanish adverbs are kept close to the verbs they modify. If an adverb starts a sentence, the verb frequently follows. Phrase Noun, adjective la casa azul y cara (the expensive blue house) Descriptive adjectives, especially ones that describe something objectively, usually are placed after the nouns they modify. Phrase Adjective, noun Otras casas (other houses); mi querida amiga (my dear friend) Adjectives of number and other nondescriptive adjectives usually precede the noun. Often, so do adjectives being used to describe something subjectively, such as to impart an emotional quality to it. Phrase Preposition, noun en la caja (in the box) Note that Spanish sentences can never end in a preposition, as is commonly done in English. Command Verb, subject pronoun Estudia t. (Study.) Pronouns are often unnecessary in commands; when used, they nearly always immediately follow the verb. Sample Sentences Demonstrating Spanish Word Order The sentences below  are examples of Spanish as it is most commonly ordered: La atencià ³n a los recià ©n llegados es un reto para las Fuerzas de Seguridad. (Attention to the recently arrived is a challenge for the Security Forces. Here the word order is almost to what you would find in English.) Diagnostican por error una gripe a una joven y terminan amputndole la pierna. (They diagnosed the flu by mistake in a boy and ended up amputating his leg. Here the phrase por error, meaning by mistake, is kept closer to the verb, diagnostican, than it would be in English.) Un coche blanco ser ms fresco en verano. (A white car will be cooler in summer. The adjective blanco, meaning white, comes after the word for car, coche, not before.)  ¿Dà ³nde estn las oportunidades? (Where are the opportunities? In simple questions, English and Spanish word order can be identical.) Es importante que me diga con quià ©n saliste. (It is important that you tell me who you left with. The pronoun object me, me in English, comes before diga, you left,  the reverse of English. And while the English sentence ends with the preposition with, in Spanish con must come before the word here for who, quià ©n.) Key Takeaways Although word order in Spanish is often similar to that of English, Spanish can be more flexible.Among the key differences are  that descriptive adjectives usually follow nouns, and Spanish sentences cannot end in a preposition.Spanish adverbs usually are placed next to or very close to the words they modify.

Servant Leadership in the Bible Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Servant Leadership in the Bible - Dissertation Example The Holy Quran also portrays the leader of the people as the servant who should work to satisfy the people rather than be the master commanding them. The religious connotation looks at leadership in this form as being a part of the self-actualization factor as noted in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Joseph & Winston, 2005). Â  Robert Greenleaf saw a servant leader as the person who acted as a servant first (Parris, & Peachey, 2013). The individual does not begin acting as a leader if deep within the urge to serve is absent (Gonzaga, 2005). The main idea should be to create new platforms that will make it easier to serve the people and make a conscious choice to administer as it appears based on the autonomy required for the growth of the individual’s satisfaction (Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, & Dickens, 2011). This test is administered in harder situations where the difficulty tests the leader’s ability to come up with better means of dealing with failures as well as the relationship between leaders and workers (Kernis, & Goldman, 2006). Greenleaf argues that the deep-seated need and desire to serve others provides the core need for one to be a servant. Servant leaders have the natural feeling that emanates from this desire (Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, & Peterson, 2008). It can be c reated by making conscious aspirations and sticking the core attributes that define the way this can happen without losing track of the benefits derived from such an action. Most of these benefits are intrinsic (van Dierendonck, 2011). Â  The paradoxical nature of servant and leadership is not to be missed. When Jesus was washing the disciple’s feet, they were apprehensive of this act (Kool &van Dierendonck, 2012). They wanted to be the ones doing the washing and not Jesus.

Strategic Plan Developement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Plan Developement Paper - Essay Example For Riordan, their success as a leading manufacturing company has only been because of their successful sales and marketing strategies which were also responsible for preserving excellent customer associations. Riordan also realizes the fact that the company needs to redefine and redeem itself along with the time in order to progress consistently and reach the new horizons while taking the business to the subsequent height so as to remain competitive and spirited. Therefore, it becomes imperative for Riordan Manufacturing Company’s top level management to devise a new strategic plan for bring extremely important developments which may guarantee Riordan the rank they have endeavored to attain. This is also because of the fact that most of the modern day entrepreneurs and business managers are often so anxious with instantaneous subjects that they temporarily forget their ultimate objectives unintentionally. My development of Strategic plan for Riordan Manufacturing Company will revolve around the broader future vision2 of the company itself. This vision circles around producing the final products at optimum costs while focusing upon the company’s future, maintaining excellent long term customer oriented relationships, maximizing employees’ utility while incorporating employee-friendly policies, maintaining environment friendly activities while growing business’ prospects, and complimenting the quality related issues in accordance with international standards. Since Riordan is not the only company which produces molding materials made off plastic, there always remains a chance of fearsome competition in the market. However, this leads to the fact that correctly identifying and capturing of market opportunities may bring more success for the company. While having factory facilities placed in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan, and Hang Zhou in China3, Riordan has certainly found new markets around the world. Emerging

Child labor Essay Example for Free

Child labor Essay Children are the future of the nation. They are flowers of our national garden. It is our duty to protect these flowers. Child labour is a socio-economic problem. Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India. From ancient times, children were required to do some work either at home or in the field along with their parents. However, we find in Manusmriti and Arthashastra that the king made education for every child, boy or girl, compulsory. In those days there was a system of trade of children, who were purchased and converted to slaves by some people. The problem of child labour was identified as a major problem in the 19th century when the first factory was started in mid-19th century. Legislative measures were first adopted as early as 1881. Since independence there have been several laws and regulations regarding child labour. Child labour has been defined as any work done by the children in order to economically benefits their family or themselves directly or indirectly, at the cost of their physical, mental or social development. Child is the loveliest creation of nature. But it is the circumstances which force them to hard labour. They have to earn livelihood from early childhood, stopping their mental development. The nation suffers a net loss of their capacity as mature adults. Child labour is a global problem. It is more common in underdeveloped countries. Child labour, by and large, is a problem of poor and destitute families, where parents cannot afford education of their children. They have to depend on the earning of their children. The prevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in this country have to spend a major part of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of child labour in India is the result of traditional attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack of education, etc. However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. According to the UNICEF, India is said to have the largest number of world’s working children. Over 90% of them live in rural areas. The participation rate in rural urban areas is  6.3% and 2.5% respectively. According to a recent report, 17 million children in our country are engaged in earning their livelihood. This constitutes 5% of the total child population of the nation. It is about one-third of the total child labourers of the world. In India, working children are engaged in different organised and unorganised sectors, both rural and urban areas. In rural sector, children are engaged in field plantations, domestic jobs, forestry, fishing and cottage industry. In urban sector they are employed at houses, shops, restaurants, small and large industries, transport, communication, garages, etc. In India, working children are also self-employed as newspaper, milk boys, shoeshine boys, rag pickers, rickshaw-pullers, etc. About 78.71% of child workers are engaged in cultivation and agriculture, 6.3% are employed in fishing, hunting and plantation, 8.63% in manufacturing, processing, repairs, house industry, etc., 3.21% in construction, transport, storage, communication and trade and 3.15% in other services. Child Labour is exploited in several ways. Preference of child labour by many employers is mainly due to the fact that it is cheap, safe and without any liability. Many children take up the job just because of the non-availability of schools in their areas and thus rather than sitting idle, they prefer to go to work. Illiteracy and ignorance of parents is also an important factor. These parents do not consider child labour as evil. Child labourers have to work more than adult workers. They are exploited by their employers. There are several constitutional and legal provisions to protect working children. At present there are 14 major acts and laws that provide legal protection to the working children. Notwithstanding, the evils of child labour is on the increase. The biggest cause behind its spread is poverty. It cannot be completely eradicated from society unless its root cause is not addressed. Child labour perpetuates poverty. Child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and ethically wrong. It should be strictly banned. The general improvement in socio-economic conditions of people will result in gradual elimination of child labour.

One of the main aspects in the novel Like Water for Chocolate is magica

One of the main aspects in the novel Like Water for Chocolate is magical realism. The author, Laura Esquivel, uses it to show the main themes Like Water for Chocolate Commentary One of the main aspects in the novel Like Water for Chocolate is magical realism. The author, Laura Esquivel, uses it to show the main themes in the novel, such as the power of food, and passion. It exaggerates the important points in the story so that they can be more easily identified. Foreshadowing can also be shown by using magical realism. Magical realism also adds humour to the novel, which would otherwise be a serious story. But most importantly, it allows for the protagonist, Tita, to express her feeling and memories through the food that is so central to her life. Magical realism can be seen throughout the novel, even at the very beginning. The start of the story shows Tita’s birth in the kitchen â€Å"Tita was literally washed into this world on a great tide of tears that spilled over the edge of the table and flooded across the kitchen floor.† This foreshadows all the sorrow that Tita will go through in her life, and all the tears she will cry. It is also said that the water dried into â€Å"enough salt to fill a ten-pound sack†. This relates to Tita’s future love of cooking, as salt is used to prepare many meals. It is also used to preserve food, and this resembles the way that Tita’s memories are preserved through food and the recipes she uses. For example when Tita is preparing the 3 Kings’ Day Bread she remembers her childhood, and how she used to have so little problems then. â€Å"Her biggest worry then was that the Magi never brought her what she asked for, but instead what Mama Elena thought was best.† Magical realism... ...she see on the other side of the planks but Pedro, watching her intently.† Tita and Pedro’s love has always been passionate, and heat has always been used to symbolise it ever since they first met. â€Å"It was then Tita understood how dough feels when t is plunged into boiling oil. The heat that invaded her body was so real she was afraid she would start to bubble†. The magical realism conveys their passion, but also relates Tita’s emotions to food, as food is the thing that she is most comfortable with. Food is also one of the recurring themes in the novel, so magical realism again helps to emphasize this. So we can see that magical realism is a powerful tool for Esquivel, it helps to convey all the main points, my making them more noticeable and more humourous. She uses it to show the emotions of the characters, and to demonstrate the themes of the novel.

Case Study Havaianas: A Brazilian Brand Goes Global Essay

Question 1: What factors could explain the success of Havaianas in becoming a global brand? 1.) Stable and well developed economic background through acquisitions and expansions lead to a huge sandal market share * Sao Paulo Alpargatas exists since 1939, specialization in four business units: (sandals, sporting goods, industrial textile and retail) * Controling Shareholder (67%): Camargo Correa Group with operation in 20 countries * Acquisition of Companhia Brasileira de Sandalias (Dupà © brand) in 2006 leads to increased share in the Brazilian flip flop market * Acquisition of 60% of Alpargatas Argentina to expand in Latin America 2.) Long experience and know-how in manufacturing sandals and producing the special rubber * Own operational and logistic framework  * Extension of the manufacturing plant in 2007 ( capability to produce 212 million pairs of sandals annually) * Production in the northeast of Brazil, Santa Rita, in order to reduce costs, increase productivity and further streamline the logistic network * Headquters in Camargo Correas Centro Empresarial to optimize the administrative processes 3.) Product innovation * From one style with five colors to 509 new models of sandals and sport footwear * Different designs and colors * Special editions 4.) Product properties * Low price: affordable * Durability, robust * Comfortable * Trademark in 1962 * â€Å"shoes for the poor†, outside work (coffee bean pickers and blue collar  workers), all day shoes * For hot and humid weather 5.) Repositioning of the brand (1994) * Before: one style and five colors, poor point of sales execution and functional based advertisement, image of a cheap product that can be bought everywhere * â€Å"Havaianas Top†, matching sole and strap * in 13 colors * slight premium price * advertising showing upper class consumers and celebrities wearing Havaianas * upgrade through better packaging * new sales channels with more emotional context * Continuous product innovation * Launch of new designs (80 styles) * Incorporation of world fashion trends * Changing costumers * Opinion leaders, celebrities and upper class costumer wear Havaianas not only at home, but in many places and occasions * Free publicity from fans (international fashion and movie stars) * International fashion magazines, catwalk, MTV Music Awards and the Hollywood Oscars 2003 * Communication * 12% of the turnover was spent for marketing * Buzz marketing and advertising with electronic media * Local and international celebrities * Online advertising, youtube videos, †¦ * Co-branding: Havaianas was linked to ecological causes due to IPE limited editions and limited editions by famous artists, that financed â€Å"favela† projects Question 2: How far goes the company in terms of expanding the brand? 1.) 1960 export to Latin America 2.) 1990 tourism to Brazil increased and Havaianas were brought home 3.) 1998 big export to France * Europe (major markets are Italy, Portugal, France, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands) * At the Soccer World Cup of 1998 Havaianas with the Brazilian flag on the strap became an instant hit 4.) Communication strategy change * Europe, France * Independently managed markets (local entrepreneurs) * European subsidiary to harmonize the brand strategy, advertising, product and price positioning * In 2001 â€Å"Tudo Bem† was established as an official importer * Cooperation with leading designers from fashion to luxury * Sponsorships (events at trendy discotheques, fancy hotels, gyms) * Customize your own Havaianas * US * Havaianas became a â€Å"must wear† * In 2004 â€Å"Style West†, exclusive distributor, equipped celebrities and designers each season with the hottest colors * In 2007, entry in the US market with a guerilla marketing strategy * In order to catch college students, the brand had to be authentic, over-promotion can make a brand less cool * The US market is extremely interesting because of the huge price, that costumers are willing to pay: up to $30 * Asia * Countries with the ideal Havaiana weather: Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand * Hot and humid weather and similar footwear culture to Brazil * Philippines is the only market with an significant level of sales * Reason of Haivaiana the fail: Large middle class or below and many branded US, EU and Asian competitors as well as cheap and unbranded Chinese entrepreneurs * Japan * Fashion conscious and hot and humid weather * Limited editions exclusively for Japan with Chiso * Advertising and buzz marketing techniques 5.) 2007: 20.000 stores in over 65 countries Main markets: Brazil, US, Australia, Latin America Question 3: How sustainable is their competitive advantage? 1.) Consumers love the â€Å"Made in Brazil factor† * This is one of the most sustainable factors of Havaianas’ competitive advantage as long as the positive Brazilian image not changes 2.) Bigger size than its competitors: Economies of Scale * This success factor is hard to replicate and creates a sustainable competitive advantage as well as a cost advantage * Production in the northeast of Brazil, Santa Rita, in order to reduce costs, increase productivity and further streamline the logistic network * Headquters in Camargo Correas Centro Empresarial to optimize the administrative processes 3.) Bigger market share than its competitors: Expansion of the market share through the acquisition of other flip flop companies * Due to the Economies of scale  * Due to advertising and branding 4.) Unique brand positioning * Celebrities and opinion setters have already adapted the trend, this competitive advantage is effective and persuasive but only as long sustainable as Havaianas are not replaced by other footwear brands * Production in the northeast of Brazil, Santa Rita, in order to reduce costs, increase productivity and further streamline the logistic network * Headquters in Camargo Correas Centro Empresarial to optimize the administrative processes 5.) Continuous product innovation * Adaption to actual tendencies and trends is the best protection of keeping one’s reputation and market share. 6.) Top-secrete rubber recipe * Sustainable competitive advantage as long as there is no better recipe. 7.) Authentic comfort and quality * Authentic image not at least due to ecological conscious co-branding. Havaianas have the biggest market share because their customers are convinced of the quality, price (in Brazil) and fashionable emotional value. This package is one of the keys of the brand’s success and is only hard to replicate of its competitors.

Gay community

But the same has never been accepted in any society of the world even though there are traces of such reactive that goes on off the curtain including India. Sherry Joseph through his study made an attempt to understand the Indian Gay and Lesbian movement through the wider perspectives of identity politics. In an era of gay and lesbian normalization, the homosexual immigrants of Indian subcontinent demanded in Britain and America: An agenda within a racist climate different from the agenda imposed by white gays and lesbians.The impact of colonial history and concepts of orientation upon world- views and perceptions has played a central role in how non white people have been defined†¦ Silenced in both south Asian patriarchal societies and the white gay communities in America and Europe, the south Asian gays and lesbians have had to invent themes, often with new terms of identification (2228). The identification of one†s sexual behavior is again the product of the western ide ology as the entire West rests on Christian values as their prime ideological moorings.In post colonial era scholars of the empire began to deliberate on a new terminology that can be conveniently used to identify people not preferring to be heterosexual. Thus came, the term alternate sexualities mainly as â€Å"an attempt to colonize the general notion and establish the existence of various expressions of sexualities surrounding scriptures, arts, life histories etc. â€Å"sheep: 2229). VOLVO. 1, ISSUE 5, JUNE 2014 www. Manipulability. Mom 41 Even with such terms the real scenario of gays and lesbians in India is that they continue to be a band of ostracizes group, socially excluded, and are subjected to homophobia. Attain is more concerned with the contemptuous view of the society upon the homosexuals what brought them down as a minority with a degradingly low social respect. He attempts to undo, if not legally approve, mainly homophobia, a ERM that refers to unreasonable fear of the gays or lesbians.A subjectivity of human beings is again centered with an appeal to all that they may in every way be treated as human being the way the third wave of feminism vouch for treating women not as a gendered identity, instead they should be looked at and thought of as human beings first . A change of attitude is the central focus. It†s a fact that the majority of people in any given society are heterosexual and the identity is based on the penetrate heterosexuality.Naturally, people with same sex behavior are not only a minority, but also practice of such is a taboo, inasmuch as the Judder- Christian values and beliefs held that non-procreative sexual acts were a sin against nature and consequently frowned upon in the culture. This value system shaped the legal binding on sodomy's as a criminal offence as seen in the Indian Penal Code (EPIC) Joseph: 2228). The entire world is still in a suspended state as to its stand on validating gay marriages on moral ground s and value system.The values also has undergone change over the years especially, after the postmodern scenario of anti essentialist and anti foundational. Gay and lesbian movement all over the world as caught the attention of people in general into thinking on the issue seriously. President and Founder of the Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry, Matt Slick feels his concern to write on the subject as: Homosexuals want others in society to accept them as normal people with normal sexual behavior patterns. They are working hard to change moral, social, and political opinion to be more in line with what they want.They are not content to be by themselves. They want others to accept them as a philosophically, morally, and ideologically valid. They want to change the opinions of people. In short, they want to change society. Therefore, it is necessary to write about something that can so drastically affect the moral fabric of this country (Matt Slick. CARR). Attain also has felt the same concern for Indian homosexuals. Scriptural truth is a permanent reality, yet values keep changing over time with the multifarious development of the world in an ever changing world of ours.Further, Attain is Justified in his handling the controversial issues openly in drama as in the West the Journal like Human Events has Justified the cause that: If we are on the right side of one of the greatest social, oral and spiritual issues of our time, then we need to dig deep, hold our ground, strengthen our commitment and redouble our efforts, regardless of cost or consequence on an almost daily basis, the mainstream media assures us of two things: Just as many conservatives and VOLVO. ISSUE 6 42 traditionalists were on the wrong side of slavery, segregation and women†s rights, we are on the wrong side of the gay rights issue today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( Traditional Osteoarthritis Values) Indian gay and lesbian movement gained ground during ass onward and they have common goals of opting for same sex marital relationship or like a living- gather like any other heterosexuals. Both of the communities might be disapproved by the general Indian mass, yet they differ in terms of the power relation they occupy or the space they could create for themselves.Certainly, gays have greater dominance since they belong to masculine gender and India is always a male dominant society. Indian lesbians in the ass were part of the feminist movement but later on the tie is snapped off for the same reason of societal disapproval and homophobia. The active lesbian group like Khakis† in Bombay was initially a part of he feminist movement group, but later on it stopped receiving any communication or cooperation from the later. So, rightly lesbianism deserved its legitimate place in Indian society given the age old injustice to Indian women.The present status of Indian gay and lesbian groups are rooted to the emergence of south Asian gay and lesbian group publications in Europ e and America in ass of which Terrine, Sammie, and Dost were prominent. Whereas, at present only three groups in three metro cities like Bombay, Madras and Delhi are functional with least number of lesbians or women activists in them. Naturally, the lesbian women stand doubly marginal's, first by being women and then by being lesbians.Some of them may still be viewed as the marginal's of the marginal's who have been forced to be isolated -turned lesbians for being subjected to marital torture, dowry related oppression, sexual violence and so on. Thus, their sexual identification as lesbians is the result of their series of normalization and a shift of political consciousness. The gross normalization of the gay and lesbian community occurs from the dichotomy of home sexuality and heterosexuality.The policy of domination by the majority to minority, or by the powerful to the powerless has been as old as subjecting Eve to eat the forbidden fruit by Adam and thereby bring the hubris upo n the earth. Such prominent dichotomies are black and White races in America, immigrants and natives in Europe and the US, male/female and so on. Even among women, there are black and white women in the US, upper and lower caste women in India, and other common distinctions are based on class, race community all over the the world.The third wave of feminism has some common causality with the gay-lesbian movement. Women are looked as stereotypical image as wife or as a shadow to a an. Singletons is not accepted as normal in India. Such situation forces women to go for a marriage of convenience as the case happens in the Do the Needful where Lata and Lapels accepts marriage to maintain the status quo and later on they use the liberty to pursue their own choices .The gay movement†s claim of getting fair and equitable treatment as citizens of India is quite tenable and in unison VOLVO. 1 with the article 38(1) of the directive principles of state policies of the constitution of In dia that states : â€Å"The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which Justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life†( Directive Principles of State Policy) .Drama functions as an intellectual sap to the society mirroring the actual happenings on stage and this particular drama has shown the exact picture of the functioning of all gay people in India. It has helped creating more tolerance and space for them than it was before. Now it†s common that the gays and lesbians come together from across the country to show their solidarity and a sense f belongingness as a community by lending all possible supports for one another.Currently, India is on a path of new social and economic reformation of which class consciousness is replacing caste. Similarly, dominant social groups and structures based on tradition is giving way to differentiati ons which is again supported by its own discourse in a post modern setting that goes against any fundamental essentialist. On a Muggy Night in Iambi shows the intensity of gay love. The depth of experience is communicated through the stage setting in which the combination of the silhouette and the indoor present an outline of the condition ofIndian gay people as a whole to the audience. One of the prominent techniques of Attain is to create the dramatic tension which highlights the depth and breadth of not only a character but also engages the readers ‘audience into their own attitudinal turmoil to the reality of human experience. Individual talent and dramatic techniques help spinning a mindset of people toward more acceptances through a slow process of evolution.It is slow because the impact reverberates into the minds of an audience and the same helps consolidate their rational approach to the vexed issue to be translated into acceptance. Attain†s themes are tradition al Indian society and its design is to impact upon the gay, lesbian and on any one who is opposed to heterosexual as defined by society. The play is a realistic picture of society as to how does it affect an individual behavior when one is denied any self expression and hypocrisy is upheld for the sake of tradition.This leads to the visualization of the character against social expectations and the same question Shard in On a Muggy Night in Iambi is haunted by as the national anthem, not as the celebrated Jan Gang, Man†, but as what Makes A Man A Man† (Collected Play: 55). This question teems from his quest for existentialist and as important as the national anthem. Samples is engaged with a love of convenience or sham- love for Samples who only makes an attempt of love, but his heart is engaged somewhere else what evokes Shard†s laments: â€Å"l wasted a year of my life being a house wife for you and all I get is a kick in the ass!You beast (56)! Shard discovered that Samples was in love with Parka's, but he too was a wounded lover, for Parka's was more afraid of being banished by the society and hence, distanced himself. Shard loved Samples truly as he put on sinner†(vermilion) like traditional women ND wore bangles what he broke at a height of emotion, for what he found is now lost because of Parka's. Shard helped him forget his lost-love with Parka's but hardly could he do that as Parka's kept cropping up to his mind painfully.Shard could not conceal his frustration of unrequited love with Samples to Deeply†s catalytic remarks that they must be back to terms of their love -relations: â€Å"If I had a lover, would I be such a bitchy? † Immediately, Deeply gets back to her natural sense of empathy for the female species saying that: Mimi can call yourself a dog, call yourself a pig, but never, ever insult a female† (59). Shard, while suggesting the guard to be shameless, accepts that the gay people are all shameles s, but this comes as his deep protest against such societal taboo upon them.Deeply is more of a flat character as she does not undergo any complex changes of life and performs more like filler, yet she is dynamic in her response to a conflicting situation which is expressive of her internal dialogues, put forward as external dialogues and reactions at various points in the dramatic narrative. That†s the reason that she retorts to the example of a bitchy. She o becomes more revelatory in her plea for an acceptance for gay people.Hence, she as with Shard stands between the two categories of round and flat characters in its literary sense; or rather they are an admixture of these two and hence may be labeled as catalytic character, who help manifest the main or dynamic characters like Samples or Deed/Parka's. She pleads for the gay men†s cause more than her own category of lesbians: â€Å"l am for gay men†s cause. Men deserve only men! (60). A distinct psychological mooring upon which one†s sexual behavior rests upon is set by the dominant discourse of any society.Attain sets a discourse through everyday language and out-on -the- street characters through distinct mode of sexism. For example, Deeply and Samples never feel any love for each other in a sense of love- making. It†s made clear when Deeply expresses that if Samples were a woman, they could be in a love and the same is reciprocated in opposite terms and finally Deeply asserts: â€Å"If we were heterosexuals, we would be married† (65).Deeply feels proud of being a woman: â€Å"Every time I menstruate, I thank God I am a woman†, the same word are suggested in a different way by Shard to register his contempt for all those who en any space for gay or lesbians: â€Å"Every time I menstruate, I thank God I am not pregnant† (66). Samples in the gathering of his gay and lesbian friends is obsessed with his lost love and separation with Parka's and in turn he makes Shard†s life miserable. In other words, victim turns into victimizer.Parka's, at the initial stage of the drama is a victim of social pressure what is made clear in the words of Samples himself: â€Å"He left me because he was ashamed of our relationship† (69). Samples was visiting a homophobic psychiatrist to get rid of his depression but the psychiatrist plunged him into a worse situation out of his own abomination of such gay people, for he believed only in aversion therapy which brought further depression to Samples as he VOLVO. 1 45 recalls: â€Å"Until he said I would never be happy as a gay man.It is impossible to change society, he said, but it may be possible for you to reorient yourself† (69). Arrant termed the doctor†s eccentric and homophobic view as primitive idea. In fact, the society is the great barrier what Attain†s dramatic technique and making of the characters unravel as an anti-venom against a venom of hatred for all these p eople who are trundling to be accepted as human beings and human dignity in the society. Bunny, the TV actor, too has experienced the same treatment of homophobia and non acceptance as gay.While all the gay friends assembled at Samples†s residence to sympathize with the tragedy of Samples, Sheehan music was pouring in. They show their antipathy by turning on CD player, for they are anguished as no such celebrations are solemnizes for them and hence, such rituals or music is, filthy hot air† (73) for them. Here, one contrast is shown: one marriage is going on with social gaiety amid colors and USIA down stairs and upstairs apartment is witnessing a break up of a gay marriage with the chanting of parallel mantra: â€Å"†¦This city and God are witness to my vow , I break all ties with Parka's†(73). Love for each other for these two friends is so strong that Samples could not tear up the Joint photograph with Parka's symbolizing their conjugal relationship. From the episode of separation between these two friends begins the tragedy of Koran, a dear sister of Samples himself. She was introduced to Deed by Samples since four years.The gathering at Samples†s flat upstairs in Act l, is the hot bed of making ND breaking all gay relationship and the trauma they bear silently throughout their lives. Koran came to know for the first time in that gathering that her brother is being treated for depression. When she goes to the bedroom to unpack her belongings she is visible to the audience that she was placing a photograph on the side table indicating not only her knowledge of the relationship of her brother, but also as a powerful symbol of her ensuing tragic course of life.All the three Acts are three in one. Psychic turmoil of all the characters, their pleasure and pain, frustration and evolve against the society are balanced placing them in the silhouette and the front show of the stage setting. This Juxtaposition of interior and the exteri or or the front and the back stage against each other is to create a deep impression on the audience† s mind as to the conflicts that goes in their consciousness, yet how they struggle to reconcile with the stern reality of society- a reality divorced from free expression and fair play.Samples the main character of the drama is brought in the Act II with brilliant dramatic technique in which he walks by Deed at the lonely park at round 8. 30 PM, yet not visible to the audience. He has throttled a few pegs to get rid of his depression and he divulges the fact of his coming to the park as to let someone know his story before he ends his life by committing suicide. Someone exactly listens to his story (history? ) who, in turn, is the exact cause of such wretched condition of life.Social paranoia is what troubled Deed as he was a little more reactive to people†s suspicion about his gay relationship with Parka's that turned him into hyper vigilant against any social threat fr om any quarter. Samples struggles or visibility of such relationship against the blind sensibility of average people: â€Å"They can†t see us at all, although we can see them. They must be blind† (81). Then, Samples asks Deed to close his eyes, stand behind him and kiss gently to discover: â€Å"Can you see how beautiful we are† (82)?Through long pause and silence after this warmth of feeling of the two old lovers, fading light, slow music and then Samples†s appearance on front show of the stage to Join the gathering of his friends of Act I while the light reappears to create a sense of change of time and space, is a reliant technique of creating two distinct mental spaces into the minds of the audience: to recreate the subtlety of feelings of these two men off the glare of the everyday world in their minds and the dreary intercourse of the same world under the visibility of everyone in which hardly they could feel proud of and contented with what they are all about.Surreptitious orchestration of pause and silence, music, light are done to heighten their speed of the stream consciousness natural to all human beings. Social pressure is so enormous that Deed†s psychiatrist could convince him that is love is the work of a devil and through regular church going alone could absolve him of such devil. Samples also believes it and so he wants to avoid showing the photograph of their love making to his own sister, Koran, who is now going to be married with Deed. On the other hand Arrant, an European immigrant, is contrasted with his Indian counter parts of gay community.In Europe he has greater freedom of being honest to his sexual behavior but in India he might not expect the same degree of freedom: â€Å"There is such a thing as honesty. Or maybe it is the company you keep. Or maybe the company I am in† (88). Further Arrant is perturbed seeing closet homosexuals† in India and he regrets being an Indian on grounds of his v antage point of Western immigration. His statement to Bunny echoes the shifting subject of spirituality in Indian society: â€Å"l can†t seem to be both Indian and gay. But you are simply ashamed. All this sham is to cover up your shame (88).The hypocrisy of Indian society is again substantiated through Bunny†s character. He belongs to Sikh community, yet he avoids wearing a turban as he would be subjected to stereotypical role of being a Seaward . The characters are designed skillfully representing every type and category of India gay and lesbian people on stage in an effort to producing a gay ambiance within an hour or two to show what India is passing through presently. The real plight of this marginal's community is made clear in exact terms through Deeply†s words that it is more fear of being ostracizes or a subject of homophobia than any stigma of shame attached to them.Basic human dignity is at stake for all these people in general. Being woman and lesbian is more pathetic in India when Deeply makes it pretty loud and clear: â€Å"It†s not shame, is it? With us? It†s fear†¦ Of the VOLVO. 1 47 corners we will be pushed into where we don†t want to be† (89). Attain†s effort has been to widen this corner of Indian society to make it at least as large as to accommodate these innocent Boniface citizens of a sovereign country, known for its age old tolerance and universal acceptance.Of course, India as a nation could be described in no better terms than the first address at the world parliament of religion at Chicago by Swami Vaccinated: â€Å"l am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and the refugees of all religions and all nations of the earth† (Vaccinated: 3). Naturally, Attain has every reason as an artist to reinstate the glory of this great nation by upholding the cause of the marginal people toward greater tolerance and acceptance for all. Equally fluctuating is the condition of Shard†s mind after being broken from Samples.He too wants to force his way to be straight , to be a real man only to be accepted by the society, even though he knows deep down within himself that he is as gay as a goose† and seeks the advice of a psychiatrist only to invite a fresh misery in his life. Koran still thinks wishfully of a happy bond between her brother and Shard as she recalls her own life of solitude after divorce. She also warns about the gravity of misery a woman undergoes in this country Just because of male dominance.Shard†s decision to act like a straight might shatter a woman†s life: â€Å"And think of the poor woman. You may end up marrying Just as a cover up for your shame† (102). Bunny accepts that he is a gay man and keeps deceiving people through his constant denial and in the process all such gay people vacillates between the world of reality and the world of sham, finding no permanent anchor to embrace with full ness of heart. The last scene of Act Ill lays bare the absurdity of life of all the gay people on stage who are representative of entire gay community.Deed is the most pathetic character not only for Deeply, but also for every viewer or reader the way he has shattered the lives of Samples and Koran. He also could not remain immune to this wretched condition of life as a closure look and a psychological delving into his character reveals that he is more sinned against than sinning. His very purpose of marrying Koran was a matter of convenience so that he could continue his love for Samples without any suspicion from any one. Certainly, in the process he could save one life at the cost of the other and the other is a woman.Koran, while looking at the photograph of Deed and Samples kissing each other, cries out through the open window leading to the vacuous blue sky of Bombay. She must have felt the void of the sky more than anyone else who has not passed through the tormenting labyrin th of life like hers. She is that subaltern woman, conditioned to tolerate torture and untold suffering. She remembers her past life as to how she used to be beaten up by her husband ND still she continued to accept and digest all these as she believed and felt that he loved her: â€Å"l felt he loved me enough to want to hurt me† (107).She questions Deed†s motive of marrying her and the answer comes out as her dramatic monologue that all such gay people behave in a stereotypical manner VOLVO. 1 as â€Å"we Just don†t know what else to be† (107) ! The imagery of the photograph with Deed as the best couple on the floor that appears in her mind matches with the vacuous blue sky to condense the absurdity of her life. The explosion of fireworks, colored sights and loud screams of delight from the ground floor heightens the inner turmoil of a saddest thought, perhaps churning an existential dilemma in her mind.Deed in utter shame and disgust for life is complete ly broken down: â€Å"Where do I begin? How do I begin to live† (111)? All the characters on stage are suddenly plunged into existential dilemma in the world of uncertainty and absurdity of life. The height of the dilemma in the last scene is accentuated by more firecrackers and lusty yells from the wedding below. Lights are slowly fading to beckon the void while the pictures of Deed and Samples and Koran ND Samples are slowly evanescent from the minds of the audience before it is completely engulfed into darkness.The stage setting and delineation of the pathos of the characters, here, Just reminds one the most exact definition of short story by Arbitration Étagà ¨re: Simple events of life happy or sad, Some sad strings from the train of forgetfulness, Not fraught with heavy descriptions, Not crowded with events, No advice, no philosophy Only the feeling that the story is not yet over Although there is no more to read! (Bangladesh) Conclusion: The queer characters repres enting both the gays and lesbians of urban diddle class India undergo a tortuous Journey of visualization due to homophobia and social boycott of such people.Attain has been true to his calling as a dramatist to show their painful odyssey of modern India, yet how the issue escapes the thinking mass to be considered for an acceptance and a right place in the society. It†s rightly an odyssey as the victims at times turn into victimizers; thereby bringing upon them a series of miseries, little knowing what exactly ails them. The dramatist has won the heart of every one by bringing this cause of ailment, the whole truth of it, on stage with all sincerity of purpose.